Symbols in Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example

Images in Fahrenheit 451 Paper As spoken by Socrates â€Å"The mystery of progress is to concentrate the entirety of your vitality, not on battling the old, however on building the new†. Concentrating on change and placing all your vitality in changing what's up is the thing that Ray Bradbury is communicating in the novel Fahrenheit 451. This tale is around one man named Guy Montag is determined to a way by various individuals to change society and make it another first light of mankind. Bradbury declares three primary images. The Phoenix, which encapsulates resurrection of humankind and the idea of history, mirrors which speak to seeing oneself and understanding what has occurred, the last image blood exemplifies someones natural self. Front and center, the Phoenix epitomizes the capacity for humanity to see one’s error and fix the misstep and learn not to do it once more. For instance in the novel Fahrenheit 451 Granger states â€Å"We know all the damn senseless things we’ve accomplished for a large number of years, and as long we know thatsomeday we’ll quit making goddamn memorial service fires and hopping in them†(156). Granger makes an immediate correlation with people and the Phoenix. The two of them decimate themselves in a cover of fire, however both beginning again in the remains. On the off chance that the individuals in the general public kept the books which safeguard the past and permit individuals to gain proficiency with the exercises of earlier disasters. Granger trusted that humankind will recollect the enduring brought about by decimation, and will abstain from annihilating itself later on. Granger obviously statesâ€Å"We’re recollecting . . . Also, sometime we ’ll recall so much that we’ll construct the greatest g______ steam-scoop in history and burrow the greatest grave ever and push war in and spread it up†(157). He is stating, pose yourself one inquiry what we’re doing and you can say â€Å"We’re remembering†(157). Granger is stating when someone recalls then that will be the beginning of fixing our missteps, however we don’t fix them since we don’t look ourselves in the mirror and attempt to fix it. We will compose a custom paper test on Symbols in Fahrenheit 451 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Symbols in Fahrenheit 451 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Symbols in Fahrenheit 451 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The

Judicial Process of the Supreme Court Essay -- American Government, Su

Nature’s Judicial Process in the Supreme Court comprises of dynamic; in light of the locale of the Supreme Court. Despite the fact that the Supreme Court has the capacity to choose every single expanded case; it likewise has the ability to climb under the Constitution, which permits the Supreme Court its purview in the Judicial Branch of government. The Judicial Process decipher the laws that are built up in the Supreme Court; in this manner, permitting the Court to practice its capacity by moving its framework under the Constitutional laws of the United States. All through the Supreme Court, numerous cases have been dismissed and are removed of, yet the Supreme Court affirms just certain cases. In this way, the Supreme Court accommodates the issue of that particular case, which is then acquired and composed by the Chief Justice of the Court as the last end. Cases that are dubious outcome in extraordinary impact in the Supreme Court. For example, Brown versus Leading body of E ducation of Topeka in 1954 was one of the most questionable cases that the Supreme Court needed to determine; it damaged the Equal Protection provision of the fourteenth Amendment. The case that disregarded an individual right was the situation of Gideon versus Wainwright in 1963, which disregarded the Sixth Amendment in a criminal case for the litigant. The instance of Miranda versus Arizona in 1966 is another disputable case that the Supreme Court needed to base its judgment so as to have the people rights read to them because of the infringement of the Fifth Amendment. Cases that are dubious have set numerous worries all through the legal procedure of the Supreme Court; in this manner, the advancement of the individuals in the Judicial Branch was perceived to acknowledge how far the Court has progressed and how unrivaled in power the ... ...s viewed as infringements to the Amendment and the Constitution. When Miranda was not recounted his entitlement to quiet when asked by an official, started the questionable case that indicted him for abusing the Constitution despite the fact that the privileges of Miranda was never perused to him. In spite of the reality of his privileges, Miranda’s case is an issue that the Supreme Court has not confronted at this point. Be that as it may, the case is dubious since one’s right isn't educated, so in the Warren Court the attestation of a criminal was to have his privileges read regardless of being a crook. On the off chance that the acquisition of any things that are apparent will be seized illicitly since the privilege has not been tended to, so the proof isn't legitimate for the official to get. During the hour of the case, the choice was thought to cause more than contention, yet permitting crooks to walk out of jail.

Should Sports Be Given Second Place in High School

Should Sports Be Given Second Place in High School? The wonderful thing about mankind is that no two human beings in this world are totally identical. Even identical twins have their own individual traits that make them unique people. Therefore, everyone is different from all the others and possesses gifts and talents that are unique. Some people might be academically gifted. Some might be talented in sports and other physical activities. Others might be good at arts. Thus, it is difficult to typecast people into a single mould. One of the problems with education is that academic scores alone judge the individual’s worth. The higher marks they get at their school exams, the more valuable and intelligent they are assumed to be. They get better jobs, higher pays and more benefits just on account of their higher academic scores. This kind of grading system can be negatively biased towards students who are highly talented in other areas apart from academics. Some students might be excellent in sports, but not so bright in their academic lessons. This type of grading system that gives preference to academics more than other extra curricular activities would seriously affect them. Phasing out sports classes and giving more time for academic lessons is also a negative trend, which can affect students who are talented in sports. By reducing the time devoted to sports activities, schools would be depriving them of the opportunity to shine in their specific area of excellence. Just as it would be unfair to judge academic types on their ability to run a hundred meter dash, it would be quite unfair to judge sportsmen on their ability to perform well academically.

The Fight For Gender Equality Essay - 1628 Words

Today is a day you’ll remember for the rest of your lives. Today is the day you’re welcoming into the world a dark haired, brown eyed bundle of joy sent from God. As the two of you sit there, starring into the eyes of what your world now revolves around, you imagine what this little girls’ bright future will look like. It’s an exciting thought, but also a terrifying one as well. The world we live in is ever changing, always giving us a roller coaster of events to squander through. These high and lows bring about some of the happiest and saddest events in our life. There’s many obstacles that your daughter will eventually be facing in today’s society, but the one that you need to place a heavy emphasis on is the fight for gender equality. We, as a country, need you to raise this precious little girl a â€Å"knower†- a â€Å"knower† that they’ll be times she’s looked at as a sex object instead of the gorgeous young w oman with a master’s degree that works in the office with all men, that gender equality in not only the workplace, but also in inalienable rights, is a battle our country needs to stand up and fight together for, and that feminism is an important topic that needs to be on everyone’s minds because there’s nothing that doesn’t involve women. To begin with, your precious new baby was put on this earth as a girl which bring insurmountable disadvantages all on its own in the world we live in today. Famous writer Adichie states â€Å"We teach girls to shrink themselves, to makeShow MoreRelatedThe Fight For Gender Equality Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesfigures, and thereby restricted to gender specific roles that otherwise downplayed the significance of women. In modern times, women and men fought for gender equality, but fighting for gender equality or feminism wasn’t confined to modern times. Furthermore, the fight for gender equality was not confined to the general public; artists, scientists, writers, and poets in some form argued for gender equality. Now, this essay won t focus on every aspect of gender equality by every single influential personRead MoreThe Fight For Gender Equality1392 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst gender inequality and gender stereotypes created by society. To some people, the feminist move ment is a lost cause. Lost is defined as having perished; it s expired, it is no more. Right now, our society is arguing that feminism is lost, perished, or an expired social movement because we simply don t need it; America has reached the pinnacle of gender equality. Sadly, this idea snuck its way into our country s media and minds. I am here to tell you that the fight for gender equality has notRead MoreThe Fight For Gender Equality1282 Words   |  6 PagesThe fight for gender equality in the workplace has been ongoing for fifty years. Women have been looked to as inferior in the workplace in the United States for the better part of a decade. While they have made tremendous strides in getting equalization, ladies are still cheated out of the money that men are receiving for the same career. The gender wage gap is real and it grows over worker’s careers. Though it used to be a gap because of education between the genders, the education gap has beenRead MoreThe Fight For Equality Among Genders1687 Words   |  7 Pages THE FIGHT FOR EQUALITY Dilenny Reyes INR4603.0W59 April 27, 2015 The equality among genders is a debate that has long been fought in the international realm. Although this is time where women and men are more close to being equal than they have ever been, there are still many areas in which equality falls short. Feminism is a theory based on the rising of women in order to be equal with men. It is a theory that best represents the need for equality among the sexesRead MoreWomens Fight for Gender Equality1133 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess they contain now without the help from women. Even though men have the trait of overruling women, women continue to prove that they work diligently in their household and their workforce, and society must treat them as equals. In â€Å"Greater gender equality,† Adema points out that women devote just as much hard work as men do in life. No matter what employment gap women have from men in the workforce, women apply equal or more hours into not just one but two jobs (issue). Adema explains how differentRead MoreFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1686 Words   |  7 Pageswho despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† While that is an accurate description of what feminism is, in a larger context, it is a fight for gender equality. Feminism is a contribution to overall gender equality, and not only limited to women’s rights. The first misconception with feminism is that it consists of women complaining, and that women are always the victimRead MorePublic Opinion on Gender Issues: Human Rights, American Civil Rights, and Feminist Movements1328 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Movements that Significantly Affected Public Opinion on Gender Issues: Human Rights, American Civil Rights, and Feminist Movements The development of social movements in the course of human history has led to unprecedented changes that challenged the not only the status quo, but most importantly, the worldviews of societies as well. Social movements have sprung to create a new world order that defined human societies as they exist today. It is not surprising, then, that social movements likeRead MoreWomen s Role For Women1343 Words   |  6 Pagesweaker sex. Boys are raised up knowing that they are the stronger gender and that there are some tasks, which they can perform well than their female counterparts. The debate about equality for both genders has dominated the media over the years, from the times of feminism (the 1980s) to post feminism (Hokowhitu). In politics, the belief about masculinity is still a major issue that has been discussed over the years. Women fight to receive equal treatment in leadership and representation at theRead MoreGender Inequality By Emma Watson1325 Words   |  6 Pagesovercoming it. Sometimes you ve got to blast through and have faith.†(Emma Watson) Gender inequality is a problem that people face in everyday life, whether it comes in the form of gender stereotypes or a pay difference, it’s something everyone deals with. As a UN Global Goodwill Ambassador, Emma Watson is striving to abolish gender inequality around the world. She is working with the program HeForShe to make gender equality not just a conversation topic, but tangible or substantial. Emma Watson was bornRead MoreEssay Gender Inequality in the Filming Industry668 Words   |  3 Pages Gender diversity in the filming industry has been a long standing problem. It is common knowledge that in the movie industry, the male reigns supreme, whether it be leading character roles or the director. Take Star Trek: Into Darkness, for example. The director, J.J. Abrams, is male. Out of the ten leading speaking roles, only three are female, while the rest of the minor speaking roles are also predominantly male. Let’s take another movie, Pacific Rim, into consideration. The director, Guillermo

The Representation Of The Monster - 1515 Words

Book vs. Movie From time to time popular literature has made it’s way to the bring screen every now and again. Once the mass appeal from the text surfaces, these film industry companies to take them into their own hands, which usually altering the integrity of the text. Once specific example that can be found interesting is the representation of the monster in Frankenstein. In this text the exploration of why director, James Whale, had altered the appearance of the monster not only in the visual aspect, but also the internal knowledge he obtained in the novel, but not in the movie. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one of the definitions of a monster is, â€Å"A person of repulsively unnatural character, or exhibiting such extreme cruelty or wickedness as to appear inhuman; a monstrous example of evil, a vice.† Throughout the course of the novel you read about a doctor who has spent all of his recent time trying to sow up different limbs all to one body in hop es that he can create this artificial human. Once the pieces are all assembled this creature comes alive, thus fulfilling the requirements to make this creature to be a monster. In the tale, the monster is described as, â€Å"His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a moreShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Monster1480 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrity of the text. Once specific example that can be found interesting is the representation of the monster in Frankenstein. In this text the exploration of why director, James Whale, had altered the appearance of the monster not only in the visual aspect, but also the internal knowledge he obtained in the novel, but not in the movie. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one of the definitions of a monster is, â€Å"A person of repulsively unnatural character, or exhibiting such extreme crueltyRead MoreThe True Monsters Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein961 Words   |  4 PagesThe True Monsters In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein creates a monster whose appearance brings ineffable terror and destruction into his life. However, the monster’s appearance and actions are not an accurate representation of the monster and are influenced by many outward factors that ultimately trace back to his creator. The monster’s grotesque outward appearance acts as a mirror as it reflects the true inward qualities of Victor as well as shows the flaws and abnormalitiesRead MoreThe Greek Heros Triumph Over Monsters1477 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognized for it. Every Greek myth with a hero in it has a monster or monsters that the hero must face at some point in the myth. â€Å"MONSTERS,†¦, were beings of unnatural proportions or parts, usually regarded with terror, as possessing immense strength and ferocity, which they employed for the injury and annoyance of men. [†¦]†(Bullfinch). The monsters in the Greek myths are antagonists to the heroes and represent evil. An example of a Greek myth monster is, â€Å"†¦ The Stymphalian Birds These monstrous birds hadRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Babadook 861 Words   |  4 Pagesaudience terrified without ever utilizing a single clichà © jump-scare. The audience is constantly in a state of dread and fear along with the protagonist. One of the final scenes in the movie shows the protagonist walking into her basement to feed the monster that she keeps down there. The scene is a unique ending that is not commonly seen in horror films. It revolves around implicit meaning an d the interesting point-of-view editing. Without the implicit meaning of the film and the point-of-view editingRead MoreComparison Between Frankenstein And Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand other representations; for example, a scene can be changed, the setting can be different, or an entire new story could be introduced. However, one major difference that tends to happen a lot is the adjustment of characters and their traits. This difference can be seen when comparing the creature in Mary Shelley’s original novel Frankenstein to multiple newer representations. The creature is portrayed differently in almost all illustrations; unfortunately, all modern representations of the creatureRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Beowulf and Grendel935 Words   |  4 Pagesof an evil monster, Grendel, who has been wreaking havoc and terrorizing the kingdom. Beowulf is glorified for his heroic deeds of ridding the land of a fiendish monster and halting its scourg e of evil while the monster is portrayed as a repugnant creature who deserves to die because of its evil actions. In the epic poem, Beowulf the authors portrays Grendel as a cold-hearted beast who thrives on the pain of others. Many have disagreed with such a simplistic and biased representation of Grendel andRead MoreSymbolism Of Beowulf716 Words   |  3 Pagesthe first monster Beowulf battles snatched up 30 men and it is to be said that beowulf has the strength of 30 men. Beowulf is an epic poem translated by Burton Raffel. In Beowulf there is three battles with three different monsters, Grendel, Grendels mother, and a dragon. The three battles have a symbolic meaning throughout the whole book. The three battles in the epic poem represent more than just two enemies fighting for victory, they are battles between the internal good and monster who embodyRead MoreIs Grendel Truley Evil? Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagessignifies one of the important messages in the text about hum anity. In Beowulf, Grendel is called a ‘monster’. However, if observed closely, analyzing the meaning behind the story, it is easy to see that Grendel is not a typical monster, in fact, it doesn’t seem like he is a monster at all. There is much evidence within the short period of the text where Grendel is present, which indicates he is not a true monster. In observing the relationship with his mother, his circumstances of his given situation, andRead MoreThe Inacurate Representation of the Cyclops Essay examples1421 Words   |  6 Pagesviewed as rugged human-like monsters with one eye in the middle of their head. Cyclopes are the least favorite of Greek mythological creatures; they are seen as brute, vile, and disgusting creatures with a thirst for blood. Even though Cyclopes are mythological creatures, they make us question our existence because they are so similar to us. They make us question whether we share an ancestral trait or if we will one day turn into them. Cyclopes are gigantic one-eye monsters that live a lawless lifeRead MoreThe Guilt Of The Death Of Others By Mary Shelley1307 Words   |  6 Pagesabsence of â€Å"mother† characters in Shelley’s novels reflects the death of her own mother. According to Kotze, â€Å"the monster is, in all respects, a motherless child, and to fulfil his desire for a mother, he is forced to find a substitute mother-figure. He accomplishes this by attributing the idealised characteristics of the Imaginary mother to a natural object, the moon† (Kotze 56). The monster, a main character in Frankenstein, is motherless much like many of Shelley’s other characters and of Shelley.

Integrated Marketing Mix of Coca Cola †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integrated Marketing Mix of Coca Cola. Answer: Introduction: A successful marketing of a new product requires a targeted market strategy where the main goal will be to build a strong customer base and to generate revenue. It is important to identify the targeted market and analyzing the customer base who will purchase the products. By identifying the target market, it becomes easier to highlight the features and benefits of the product management. The companies use different value proposition statement which will benefit and increase the sales of the company as well as maintain an economic moat. The company promises the customers through this value proposition statement (Tedlow 2014). Marketing mix strategies are used by the company for the promotion of brand or product in the market. This will highlight the marketing mix strategies of diet coke. Diet Coke is a sugar free drink which was introduced by Coca Cola. Diet Coke do not use the modified formula of Coca Cola but entirely a different receipe. Diet coke is sweetened by aspartame,a n arti ficial sweetener and thus sweetener is available in United States to save money. It will make an in-depth analysis of the 4Ps of marketing mix. Further, value proposition and the targeted market of Coca Coals Diet Coke will be discussed in details in this paper (Aaron and Siegel 2017). Market Segmentation refers to the process of dividing the market management of potential customers into different segments or group depending on different characteristics. The vital and the most important element of market segmentation theory is that the company will spend money on that customer group who are willing to buy the product. This segmentation may be positive or negative. Coca Cola in its first stage will establish the market and identify the targeted customers. This can be done through market surveys. Certain economic and demographic factors must also be taken into consideration for conducting market surveys. Coca Cola must also map the entire market. Retail, wholesale and logistic costs are the most important parameters which must be taken into consideration in this aspect (Ferrell and Hartline 2014). Variable Marked Breakdowns 1. Geographical Region Queensland (Far North South), New South Whales (north coast western), Lakes District- Victoria City Size 5000 to 2,000,000 over Density Climate Sub-urban, Urban, Rural Western, eastern sea board, northern southern(sales increase in Summer) Variable Marked Breakdowns 2. Demographic Age Ranging from 15 to 25 till age of 40 or more Sex It is an unisex product Size of the family 5 and more Lifecycle All generations Income Variant targeted income levels Occupation All possible professionals of the society Education Colleges and Schools Religion Available for all Nationality Australian, Japanese, New Zealand, British and more Variable Marked Breakdowns 3. Psychographic Socioeconomic Various social classes Status Integration of valuables like education Attitudes, values and lifestyle groups Social awareness and achievements in society Personality Any pleasant and authoritarian in the society Variable Marked Breakdowns 4. Behavioral Purchase occasion Famous for both regular and customized occasions Sought for Benefits Standardized service and revenue gain Status for Users Any existing and potential users Rates of Users Regular or heavy users Readiness level Anyone interested to purchase Reaction to the Product Enthusiastic and supportive customers A well defined and proper target market is the first and the vital element of marketing strategy. In target marketing, the business decides to direct its marketing effort within a particular serviceable area to a particular group of customers (Reed 2014). Similarly, Coca Cola has also targeted a particular segment of customers for diet coke. Women of young and middle age who are trying to lose their weight are the main target segments of these product. Moreover, the company has also targeted the working people as its advertisement emphasizes on taking a break from the working days and also helps people to cope up with the hectic lifestyle. Thus, it can be said that Coca Colas Diet Coke targets the health conscious people who are sociable, lively, and independent and fun loving (Hutt and Speh 2013). Positioning is a vital area for each business organization as transparent and advantageous position in the consumers mind will lead the business towards success. As mentioned by Blankson and Dai (2017), target market analysis is an effective tool for the business industries to understand their current market position. Coca Colas Diet Coke will expand in different countries and the women are the main targeted group. Advertisement of Diet Coke is an useful aspect to make a good position in the customers mind as ways of product advertising attract the consumers towards the product (Li and Lopez 2015). According to Kanwal, Samalia and Singh (2017), selection of right distribution channel is another crucial aspect through which an organization gets valuable position in the competitive market. On the other hand, positioning can be gained through the pricing strategy. On the other hand, positioning can also be gained through the pricing strategy. Coca Cola is offering Diet Coke at an afford able price. The business strategy of Coca Cola will help to achieve a good position in the market (Armstrong et al. 2015). Value proposition allows the company to convince the customers for a particular product or service. It is a promise of the value that is to be delivered by the company for business expansion. Coca Cola needs to attract the customers by introducing its new sugar free product which will be widely preferred by the health conscious customers. It will also help the customers in reducing their problem because there are no such products of other companies which is sugar free. Value proposition canvas model focuses on the benefits, features and experiences of the product. Thus, by following this, Coca Cola will be able to design their new product i.e. Diet Coke based on the needs of the customers. In order to create an effective value proposition, it is necessary to understand what value proposition is (Foster et al.2014). Moreover, a strong and effective value proposition model is also important for online marketing strategy because this strategy is important for increasing the customer bas e of the company. The important value proposition that Coca Cola is delivering its customers is very specific. A successful value proposition has three important characteristics and it clearly outlines the benefits consumers will get after purchasing the product, a clear statement which will differentiate the product from its rival or competitive product and customers conviction that the product will solve their problem (McDarby et al. 2016). Coca Cola is such a brand which clearly states its values such as integrity, leadership, diversity, passion, collaboration and quality. The diet coke which was introduced by Coca Cola targets the health conscious women customers who expect better and healthy life. Coca Coals internal competitor, Coke Zero is creating competition with Diet Coke. There is a similarity between the two brands because they have appealed to the customers with changing lifestyle. They have also focused on the natural ingredient and have helped the health conscious cus tomers (Davis et al. 2016). With the introduction of Diet Coke, Coca Cola has increased its sales volume and it has also helped in improving the brand value of the company. The product is sweetened by artificial sweetener aspartame and it had a different and unique formula for manufacturing. The recipe which the company used for Diet Coke was different from other Coca Cola brand. The calorie content of Diet Coke in a can of 330 ml was only 1.3 kilocalories. Diet Coke which contained no caffeine was launched by the company in 1983 and it contained no caffeine or sugar content. The company has launched Diet Coke with Splenda in 2005 which had 2.83 mg of caffeine content. It also contained Splenda Sweetner (Grewal et al. 2015). Another product i.e. Diet Coke with Citrus Zest was launched in 2007 and it is available in Bosnia and United Kingdom. Diet Coke Lime was released by the company in 2004 and it is available in Ireland, United States, Canada and United Kingdom. Another product i.e. Diet Coke Cherry was launc hed in 1986 and it is widely available in United States and United Kingdom in different tastes and flavors of cherries (Pride et al. 2015). In 2011. Diet Coke has surpassed Pepsi in its sales for the first time and thus it has become the second most preferred soda Coca cola. Finally, Coca Cola has introduced Diet Coke and it is a sparkling beverage which is available in a great flavor without any calorie or sugar content. In 2013, Coca cola has swapped its logo in United Kingdom with Coke Zero and Diet Coke cans and thus organized a summer long Share a coke campaign. Diet Coke is an energetic drink with good taste. It is available in different sizes and is widely demanders by the customers. Diet Coke is available in two variants, one with vitamin B3, B12 and vitamin C. The other variants contain antioxidants with Vitamin C and green tea. The 350 ml bottle of Coca Cola will contain 52.5% of the daily recommended allowance of the vitamins and thus it will help to maintain a healthy im mune system. Moreover, Diet Coke also offers consumers to enjoy their favourite Diet Coke while doing their regular work (De Mooij 2013). Place plays an important role in the success and failure of a particular business. Diet Coke has created a niche market of its own. The product was first launched in United States in six markets. Diet Coke is one of the most successful brand of its parent company and its products are available in India, United States, new Zealand, Bosnia, Isreal, Austria and in many other countries. It has a proper distribution network that helps to market its product competently and easily. Coca Cola uses intensive distribution policy such that its products are easily available in different grocery stores, departmental stores and supermarkets. Moreover, it is also important that the company to make sure that its products is within the reach of every customer. Diet Coke also has a strong distribution channel. This product of Coca Cola is within the reach of the customers and it can be purchased easily from any stores (Bejou 2014). A perfect pricing policy is necessary and important for the success of any brand. It is also important for generation of revenue and profitability of the company. Diet Coke has used different pricing strategies for its brand. The price skimming policy of diet coke was used in beginning when the product was introduced. Later on Diet Coke has switched to competitive pricing strategy because there were many similar products which were launched by its rival company. Coca Cola also uses discount pricing strategy to increase the sales volume. This has helped the company in maintaining its customer base and also increasing the profitability of the company. The price of Diet Coke is similar and suitable compared to the products of its competitors (Boelsen-Robinson et al. 2015) Diet Coke requires good promotional activities to be preferred by the customers. Coca Colas Diet Coke has targeted the health conscious customers. Moreover, it has also targeted the diabetic customers. The women of young and middle age are the main target groups of the company. The no sugar content of Diet Coke is a boon and thus it has helped the company to attain success and improve its profitability (Keegan and Green 2015). Coca Cola has also followed aggressive promotional policy that has helped in expanding the market and thus increasing awareness and viability among the customers. Diet coke also invited different customers to Get a taste of the good life. Campaign. This television commercial took place in UK. Diet Coke has tried to project its product as a healthy choice to its customers. Advertisements were given on radio, magazine and television, newspaper and billboards to cover the maximum areas. As part of the promotional activities different concert and movie tickets were also provided. The customers were also provided with attractive discounts (Davis et al. 2016). Thus, it can be said that Diet Coke has considered the demand of the customers and it is widely accepted by them. Coca Cola as focused on the strength as well as it has tried to eliminate the weakness of the other products to fulfill the demands of the customers. The targeted customers of Diet Coke are the individuals with high income. Moreover, Coca cola has focused on place because this marketing channel will help in improving the distribution channel. This in turn will also improve the profitability of the company. The company has created such a product so that it can benefit the health conscious customers. It is important for Coca Cola to implement the marketing concepts successfully so that they can fulfill the needs and wants of the customers. The company has used different promotional strategies to attract the customers References Aaron, D.G. and Siegel, M.B., 2017. Sponsorship of national health organizations by two major soda companies.American journal of preventive medicine,52(1), pp.20-30. Armstrong G, Adam S, Denize S, Kotler P, 2015, Principles of Marketing, 6th edn, Pearson, Australia Bejou, D 2014, Capturing customer equity: Moving from products to customers, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken. (eBook) Boelsen-Robinson, T., Backholer, K. and Peeters, A., 2015. Digital marketing of unhealthy foods to Australian children and adolescents.Health promotion international,31(3), pp.523-533. Davis, E.L., Wojtanowski, A.C., Weiss, S., Foster, G.D., Karpyn, A. and Glanz, K., 2016. Employee and Customer Reactions to a Healthy In-Store Marketing Intervention in Supermarkets.Journal of Food Research,5(1), p.107. De Mooij, M., 2013.Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Ferrell, OC and Hartline, MD 2014, Marketing strategy, South Western Cengage Learning, Mason OH. Foster, G.D., Karpyn, A., Wojtanowski, A.C., Davis, E., Weiss, S., Brensinger, C., Tierney, A., Guo, W., Brown, J., Spross, C. and Leuchten, D., 2014. Placement and promotion strategies to increase sales of healthier products in supermarkets in low-income, ethnically diverse neighborhoods: a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition,99(6), pp.1359-1368. Grewal, D, Levy, M, Mathews, S, Harrigan, P and Bucic, T 2015, Marketing, McGraw-Hill Education, North Ryde NSW. Hansen, J.T., 2016. Constructing a Product Brand Identity: The Case of Coca-Cola. Hutt, MD and Speh, TW 2013, Business marketing management: B2B, Cengage Learning, Mason Ohio South-Western. Li, X. and Lopez, R.A., 2015. Do Brand Advertising Spillovers Matter?.Agribusiness,31(2), pp.229-242. McDarby, F., O'hora, D., O'shea, D. and Byrne, M., 2016. Taking the sweetness out of the Share a Cokemarketing campaign: the influence of personalized labelling on elementary school children's bottled drink choices.Pediatric obesity. Pride, WM, Ferrell, OC, Lukas, BA, Schembri, S Niininen, O 2015, Marketing principles, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne VIC. Reed, PW, 2014, Strategic marketing: decision making and planning, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne, Victoria. Tedlow, R.S., 2014. 2 The fourth phase of marketing.The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing (RLE Marketing),25, p.8. Keegan, WJ and Green, MC., 2015. Global marketing, Pearson, Boston.

Writing of Ielts free essay sample

Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditions ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves. Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of production salmon, it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world. In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means â€Å"pointless†, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing of Ielts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life. C4T2 Happiness is considered to be very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness. Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy. Of cause, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy. Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspective in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc. ) and a what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc. ). Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness. C4T4 In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior. What do you think are the cause of this? What solutions can you suggest? Poor student behavior seems to be increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this. ( †¦. ) In many countries, the birth is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt , not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from. ) When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did. Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. But I think the solution to the problem lies with the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children. If they could raise them to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit. Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this, and high quality nursery schools could be established that would support families more in terms of raising the next generation. The government should fund this kind of parental support, because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but for society as a whole. C4GTB Some people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are six or seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible. What do you think are the advantages of attending school from a young age? In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger. While some people think this may be damaging to a child’s development, or to a child’s relationship with their parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age. Firstly, a child will learn to interact with a lot of different people and some children learn to communicate very early because of this. They are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents and who are not used to strangers or new situations. Such children find their first day at school at the age of six very frightening and this may have a negative effect on how they learn. Another advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially. They make friends and learn how to get on with other children of a similar age. This is often not possible at home because they are the only children, or because their brothers or sisters are older or younger. So overall, I believe that, attending school from a young age is good for most children. They still spend plenty of time at home with their parents, so they can benefit from both environments. C5T2 In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people to do this. It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. This trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time. The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. (Furthermore,) They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life. However, there are certainly dangers/risks in taking time off at that important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career. My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective usually tends to be the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this. C5T4 Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. Which do you consider to be the major influence? Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individuals personality and development are more influenced by genetics factors (nature) or by the environment (nurture). Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individuals life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this. My own view is that there is no one major influence in a persons life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a persons personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born. In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a persons life. C5GTB Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced? I think it is true that in almost every country today each household and family produces a large amount of waste every week. Most of this rubbish comes from the packaging from the things we buy, such as processed food. But even if we buy fresh food without packaging, we still produce rubbish from the plastic bags used everywhere to carry shopping home. The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we buy packaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we need it, first in the supermarket, and then at home. However, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away. We forget that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuable resources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of. I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste. With the political will, such measures could really reduce the amount of rubbish we produce. Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet poisoned by waste. C6T2 Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal of more money than people in other important professionals. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars. Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate. So the notion of ‘fairness’ is not the issue. Those who feel that sports stars’ salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings. Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements. C6T4 Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it. Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the ‘safe’ patterns of behavior are no longer appropriate. However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better’. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments) that are in their own interests. In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energizing for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes. C6GTB Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children. Do you agree or disagree? I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer every day. This is partly / primarily because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for. However, the main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract children. These are often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather violent. The player is usually the â€Å"hero† of the game and too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centered and insensitive to others. Even when children use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction. Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences is an important part of a children’s development that cannot be provided by a computer. In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied. Their adult world will be changing constantly in terms of technology and the Internet is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today. Therefore it is important that children learn t an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives. I think the main point is to make sure the young children do not overuse computers. Parents must ensure that their children learn to enjoy other kinds of activity and not simply sit at home, learning to live in a virtual world. C7T1 I t is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music. Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. So from our won school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practice. However, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. In other words, there is more to the skill than a good learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequently a child practices. I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes. Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level. But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive. Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the children would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent. In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required. 282words) C7T3 At most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Nowadays many adults have full-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such jobs is very high. So feelings about one’s job must reflect how an i ndividual feels about his or her life as whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important for the wellbeing of that person. Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. Firstly, a person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superiors is very important in this respect. A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole. Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is as sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker. The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and loyalty to a team. Of course not everyone enjoys heir work. Hard economic realities mean that many people have little choice in the kind of job they can get. In some cases an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality. Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labour relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction. However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job. If the factors identified above are implemented, then any hob can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of job satisfaction. (303) C7GTB Some people feel that entertainers (e. g. film stars, pop musicians or sports stars) are paid too much money. Do you agree or disagree? Which other types of job should be highly paid? I agree with the view that stars in the entertainment business are usually over paid. This is true whether we are considering stars of film, sport or popular music, and it often seems that the amount of money they are able to earn in as short time cannot possibly be justified by the amount of work they do. However, it is also true that it is only those who reach the very top of their profession who can get these huge salaries. So the size of salary that stars expect is closely linked to the competition they have to overcome in order to reach success. They are, in effect, rare talents. Furthermore, the majority of stars do not hold their top positions long. Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic, generation, while the good looks of most film stars quickly fade. So this relatively short working life may be some justification for the very high pay. Unfortunately, professionals from other fields, who make a much greater contribution to human society, are paid so much less that it is hard to disagree with the statement. Teachers, nurses, laboratory researchers etc. are never listed among the best-paid professionals, yet they are more important to our well-being and our future than the stars who earn their fortunes so quickly. In conclusion, I think there may be some reasons why entertainment stars earn high salaries but overall I agree that they are overpaid. The gaps between their earnings and those of people who work less selfishly for the good of society cannot be justified. Such professionals should be much better appreciated and better paid. (279)

Dec. of Ind. to Dec. of Sent. essays

Dec. of Ind. to Dec. of Sent. essays A part of everyones view of the United States of America is the idea that everyone should be free to do what he or she wants, whether that is ranging from religion to drugs, unions to independence. Everyone in the United States believes in being his or her own person, with the rights everyone else has. Some peoples try to get their idea of independence across to other people by the way of violence, but some also try the two easier easy, talking about their views and making a law. When the Declaration of Independence was written, the writer spoke out in the name of the law. The writing was formal and direct and with a strong base. In contrast, when Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, she was writing in a somewhat formal tone, but without the strict, straightforward tone approach of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was wrote in order to provide all people living in the United States of America with independence from anyone and everything, be it from the British, or from the very people of the United States. This allowed each person to be their own person, and not something that someone told them to be. It allowed people to do what they pleased, to an extent, without anyone telling them otherwise. The Declaration of Independence gave the people their rights, something that had never succeeded in such a degree. The Declaration of Sentiments clarified the Declaration of Independence even more. It was a declaration made just for the women of America. This declaration had been written to advise people on the common occurrences and hardships on the female population. Instead of stating what will be done in the United States to preserve the rights of women, it stated what should be done to preserve the rights of women by showing why action should be taken. Although these pieces of writing are both declarations, the context in which they are written are different, yet both still state one...

How Dretske responds to Chisholm's claim that intentionality cannot be Essay

How Dretske responds to Chisholm's claim that intentionality cannot be naturalized - Essay Example Chisholm argued that intentionality cannot be naturalized because of the numerous influencing factors that surround us. According to Locke Chisholm argued that for every decision we make there must be a factor that influences or alters a person’s needs or will. He further argued that every decision we make is based on the fact that we must take the path to be comfortable. According to Chisholm factors affecting a person’s intent may also be psychological. This also denies the possibility that intentionality can be natural. To naturalize intentionality Chisholm argued that there must be absolutely free will in an action. In his argument need and wants of the people does not allow what individuals do to be natural. For instance, a person’s need for food, shelter and clothing makes ones intention to acquire the commodities an artificial intent. In this scenario, the intent can only be natural if one could survive without food and still have the intent and urge to ac quire the commodity. ... For instance, one can refer it to natural intentionality when a person takes an alternative option when tackling an issue but as artificial intentionality when the individual chooses another option based on threats or any other influencing factor. Chisholm argued that intentionality cannot be naturalized because of the numerous influencing factors that surround us. According to Locke Chisholm argued that for every decision we make there must be a factor that influences or alters a person’s needs or will (87). He further argued that every decision we make is based on the fact that we must take the path to be comfortable. According to Chisholm factors affecting a person’s intent may also be psychological (Locke 102). This also denies the possibility that intentionality can be natural. To naturalize intentionality Chisholm argued that there must be absolutely free will in an action. In his argument need and wants of the people does not allow what individuals do to be natur al. For instance, a person’s need for food, shelter and clothing makes ones intention to acquire the commodities an artificial intent (Locke 92). In this scenario, the intent can only be natural if one could survive without food and still have the intent and urge to acquire the commodity. According to Chisholm intentionality is built on artificial factors that man cannot evade. The only possibility to have naturalized intentionality is whereby an individual s considered free spirit in his environment. Locke defines a free spirit by arguing that a free spirit is a form of an individual who does not require influence from any environmental factor to make their decision (112). According to the author this scenario is practically impossible. From this perspective,

Trompenaars. Leading Change and Organizational Culture Essay

Trompenaars. Leading Change and Organizational Culture - Essay Example Thereafter, Trompenaars points out the common mistakes that are made by managers while dealing with culturally diverse workforces. The first one, according to him, is that most organisations still consider cultural issues secondary, and give them less priority on the belief that culture has nothing to do with the main business transaction (Craven). According to Trompenaars, if cultural issues are to be tackled, it is necessary to identify the origin of cultural values. Then only the organisations can develop effective norms and values. In other words, simply learning the norms and values of a culture will not help solve the issue. The second mistake, according to Trompenaars, is that organisations do not identify culture as a compliance issue. However, he reminds the fact that if cultural issues are not identified and solved, it can even lead to legal disputes. In the opinion of Trompenaars, in the 21st century, it is necessary for organisations to develop transcultural competence, which means the competence to reconcile dilemmas or to integrate opposites (Craven). At this point is wise to see what Levine, Phipps, and Blythe prefer to say about cultural differences. According to Levine, Phipps, and Blythe (16), linguistic and cultural pluralism is more than the mere coexistence of different languages; and it is about transcultural circulation of values across borders, the negotiation of identities, the inversions, even inventions of meaning, often concealed by a common illusion of effective communication. Trompenaars points out the fact that the currently available leadership literature is regionally biased. He gives the example of English, French, and Chinese literatures. It is pointed out that there is the need for more works on multi-cultural teams. In other words, the new leadership should transcend culture. According to Trompenaars, to effectively handle cross-cultural diversity, it is necessary to adopt reconciliation. According to Trompenaars, the first step of reconciliation is to let others be themselves. In simple terms, reconciliation is the understanding of how the perspectives of other cultures can help ones own culture. In others words, reconciliation calls for the fusion of two extremes; considering and accommodating the other culture. Trompenaars point out the fact that there are different ways of dealing with other cultures; ignoring other cultures, abandoning ones own culture, and reconciliation. In his words, in the modern world of business, an important factor for success of organisations is their ability to ‘celebrate differences’. In the opinion of Trompenaars, cultural is not a secondary entity, but is the contextual environment around all transactions in an organisation; financial, market, political, and technological. According to him, the success or future performance of an organ isation is no more identified based on its financial performance, but on its ability to handle local cultures. So, he proposes Process Principle Optimization based on five major principles instead of the usual ROI. The five principles, according to him, are corporate effectiveness, the client, the employee, the shareholder, and societal responsibility. So, according to him, the modern businesses should seek ways to improve their local learning so that they can increase their global access. In other words, in the modern business world, integration of values helps organisations ensure sustainable business performance for the long term. 2. According to Trompenaars, the modern leadership and management, to be effective, should have transcultural

ENVS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

ENVS - Essay Example Hayes, astrazine cause development of ovaries in male frogs. One advantage of animal testing is that it helps researchers to discover treatments for both animals and humans. One of the disadvantages of animal testing is that it can be misleading since animals may react to drugs in different ways as humans. In addition, animal testing leads to mistreatment of animals. Testing on animals is justified because it has helped researchers to discover many effective treatments. Additionally, animals should be used because their lives have less value compared to humans. Testing upon animals can give accurate results because the bodies of most animals used for tests function like humans. Scientists have proved that lab animals and humans do not have big difference. In addition, most of the drugs used today were discovered through animals testing. For instance, antibiotics and HIV drugs used by humans today gave positive results when tested on animals. Other methods of testing are less effective compared to animal testing. In addition, surgery and organ transplant techniques used on humans today were acquired through animals testing. Tyrone says that rats are the most relevant animals used to simulate humans in laboratories. Humans cannot be used in labs tests because it will be unethical to expose to humans chemicals during lab tests. According to him, the use of rats produces accurate results because rats have regular reproduction, genetic purity and many resemblances to human biology (Hayes). If I were a farmer, would not use atrazine to increase my crop yield. This is because the herbicide will only increase yields for a short period since it causes land degradation. Additionally, it will negatively affect my health. Research outcomes show that it causes obesity and cell mutation. Additional ways of increasing crop yield apart from using chemicals encompass organic farming. In organic farming, one uses decomposed animal products or plants to fertilize

Fahrenheit 451: The Hope Of The Phoenix :: essays research papers

Fahrenheit 451: The Hope of the Phoenix The word phoenix had symbolize immortality, but for the people in Fahrenheit 451, their only hope was that the phoenix would be burn out, and be reborn again. The myth of the phoenix gave optimism to the life of Montag, to the books, and to the world of Fahrenheit 451. The world was now dying, and nobody seemed to care, because the government had brainwashed the people. It was a situation, where not only the brave, but the ones who can think for themselves, who can help break the government's control. The life Montag had been a bumpy road. He thought he had a good life, because he enjoyed his job, and was happy. Soon Montag discovered that he was not happy at all, and that his life was nothing. His wife Mildred did not love him at all, and his only friend (that he could remember) Clarisse died in a car crash. All of sudden, he was not happy, but he did not know why. He thought maybe because his wife had pulled the fire alarm on him, but really it was he did not love her at all. "It's strange, I don't miss her at all(155)" Montag had uncertainly about his marriage, because marriage was suppose to be bonded with love, but with his marriage love was extinct and nowhere to be seen. His life had died, when his wife Mildred pulled the alarm and had told the firemen that Montag had books. To Montag, the books was like a sweet piece of candy. He did not know why he liked them, but he always wanted more. But when Captain Beatty forced Montag to burn his own house, Montag's soul had died, but then resurrected. His life which was suppose to be happy was burning right in front of his eyes. How ironic, that Montag was a fireman himself but like the phoenix, Montag rose from his own ashes. Montag was now reborn, because he knew his life was wrong, and that the world was wrong. He did not know why it was wrong, but he knew that he had to do something about it. He started that by burning Captain Beatty into "a charred wax doll(119)". Montag now had the feeling of hope, not much since he believed he could not do anything. But Montag had now broken the control of the government and was using the books as his aid. How ironic, in the real world, people were always talking about how people wasted paper, which mean wasting trees, but in the world of

Mercedes Benz All Activity Vehicle Essay

The target costing case literature contains numerous examples of Japanese cost management practices; however, few cases describe the use of target costing by large companies outside Japan. The purpose of the Mercedes-Benz AAV case is to consider the competitive environment of a leading German automotive manufacturer and the company’s response to changing competitive conditions. The teaching plan generally follows the suggested student assignment questions. In places, I recommend considering additional material during the case discussion. These questions are identified by a check mark. Student Assignment Questions 1. What is the competitive environment faced by MB? Students will identify a number of changes, including significant market share lost to Japanese companies such as Lexus. Stress the importance of a cultural change taking place within top management at Mercedes. Reinforce that Mercedes is a company that had never lost money. They simply built the best car their engineers could design and priced it above cost. Demand often exceeded supply. As a result, cost had never been a primary consideration. Changes include: cost competition; product innovation. 2. How has MB reacted to the changing world market for luxury automobiles? Students should identify the following changes implemented by management at Mercedes; try to get them to explain how different these approaches were from traditional strategies at Mercedes: many new product introductions; partnering with suppliers; reduced system complexity; new emphasis on cost control; layers of management reduced; lead time from concept to introduction reduced. 3. Using Cooper’s cost, quality, functionality chart, discuss the factors on which MB competes with other automobile producers such as Jeep, Ford, and GM. If the instructor wishes to give a brief mini-lecture on Robin Cooper’s  survival triplet and confrontation strategy, this is a good point in the case discussion to do so. (Robin Cooper, When Lean Enterprises Collide, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1995.) The factors are: price-at mid to upper range of zone; quality-at upper range of zone; functionality-at upper range of zone. An interesting point to discuss is that Mercedes does not produce the most expensive sports utility vehicle. This distinction is reserved for the Land Rover; however, they strategically placed themselves toward the luxury end of the spectrum. Also, unlike many Japanese examples, Mercedes does not use target costing as a strict cost control mechanism to produce the lowest priced product in its class. 4. How does the AAV project link with MB strategy in terms of market coverage? The new introductions expand the product line of the traditionally luxury-oriented manufacturer. Recent product introductions include the following: A class; C class; SLK; E class; M class. These new introductions include new sports cars and off-road vehicles. The C-class is a mid-sized vehicle sometimes referred to as the baby-Benz. Let’s discuss the elements of the target costing model and how these elements are developed. At this point in the discussion I usually write the target costing formula on the board and ask students to consider sources of various inputs: selling price; margin; target cost. What are the sources of input for the projected selling price? Students will most likely identify the following sources of information: customer focus groups comparable products: – existing; – potential. Stress the broad, cross-functional aspects of acquiring consumer information. To compare products, the company had to evaluate existing competitive vehicles as well as vehicles under development. What factors are considered when developing the required margin? This question provides a link to finance classes. Most students have studied the concepts of weighted-average cost of capital. I recommend spending a few minutes reviewing these concepts and linking cost of capital to net present value (NPV) analysis. Because of the capital-intensive structure of automobile manufacturing, production volume is a critical factor in determining each model’s NPV. Students may identify the following points for determining a required margin. long-run profitability; cost of capital; profitability across the entire product mix (classes of vehicles); sales volume by class. The MB case suggests the target cost is â€Å"alive.† Is this consistent with the ideals of target costing? I generally emphasize that Mercedes did not consider the target cost to be locked in. It was a moving target. As engineering changes became necessary, the target cost was allowed to move. However, before making a change, market forces were considered. For example, changes included the addition of side airbags. In addition, the European press was critical of a simulated wood-grain part. Management decided the part would remain plastic because costs could not be passed on to the consumer. The main point to emphasize is the design of the vehicle is dynamic; thus costs must evolve to reflect the changing design characteristics. 5. Explain the process of developing a component importance index. How can such an index guide managers in making cost reduction decisions? The index development process has five steps, as follows: consumer importance category rankings; target cost percentage by function group; category: function group matrix; importance index; target cost index; I recommend making slides of Tables 1-5 to facilitate discussion. Index development is an important element in the early conceptualization phase of the AAV. The indexes help to quantify some very abstract concepts. Table 1. From conversations with potential consumer groups, a list of key categories was developed. Next, potential customers were asked to rate the importance of each category. Their responses were computed as a percentage. Thus, safety and comfort of the AAV were viewed as significantly more important than economy and styling. Table 2 represents a rough estimate of the cost by function group and the relative percentage. The information is used later to create a target cost index. Table 3 is best understood by reading each category as a column. The rows explain the relative importance of each function group to satisfying each category defined by customers. An interesting aspect of this table is that the link between consumer preferences and engineering components is made explicit. Table 4 builds on Table 3 by weighting the percentages computed in Table 3 by the importance percentage calculated in Table 1. The key point is to understand which function groups contribute the most (least) to important (less important) consumer categories. Table 5 results in a target cost index that attempts to capture cost and benefit trade-offs. As discussed in the case, this index may indicate a cost in excess of the perceived value of a function group. Thus, opportunities for cost reduction (aligned with customer requirements) may be identified. 6. How does MB approach cost reduction to achieve target costs? At this point, ask students to identify various value-engineering strategies. At Mercedes, reducing the cost of each function group was accomplished by reducing costs of various components that make up the function group. Stress the importance of this approach over an â€Å"across-the-board† cut. 7. How do suppliers factor into the target costing process? Why are they so critically important to the success of the MB AAV? From the conceptual phase through the production phase, the suppliers of systems for the AAV truly were partners. Suppliers attended regular meetings with the cost planners throughout the entire process. Thus, suppliers were design and development partners from very early stages of development, responsible for meeting cost targets. Why is the relationship with suppliers a crucial element in the success of the AAV? Suppliers provide entire systems for the AAV. The facility uses a JIT production system. In fact, many suppliers deliver directly to the assembly line, rather than to a small warehouse. The Black Warrior River separated Mercedes and a major system supplier. This supplier built a new production facility on the same side of the river as the Mercedes Benz plant to avoid possible delays associated with accidents on a major bridge. 8. What role does the accounting department play in the target costing process? Stress the fact that accountants were watchdogs in the target costing process. Their primary responsibility was to ensure costs did not exceed targets during the production phase. Thus, the accountants’ role was as follows: cost control; actual vs. target: development stage; production stage. What are some of the organizational barriers that may challenge managers attempting to introduce TC systems? Try to get students to identify various impediments to target costing systems in the United States. Examples may include: willingness to share cost data with suppliers; suppliers treated as adversaries; government regulations affecting exchange of information.

F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby - 1740 Words

The American Dream in The Great Gatsby Ever since the formation of America, cultural values and ideals have been strongly centered on the belief that any man, no matter his initial station in life, can achieve greatness and prosperity, should he be willing to work hard and have initiative. Americans had trust in the idea that they would find a certain level of success, as long as the aforementioned traits were put into practice; no prerequisites were required to obtain these goals, and all people had a chance to better their situation. However, this long held belief was put into question in the aftermath of the First World War; millions of soldiers and civilians were killed, advanced methods of warfare destroyed homes and cities, and the†¦show more content†¦Values such as hard work and ambition became twisted into something entirely different and negative. A display of materialism is seen in the decadence of both Old Egg and West Egg; examples such as the Buchanans’ Colonial style mansion, Gatsby’s luxury sports car, and Gatsby’s mansion. Also seen are poor moral values to achieve goals, such as Gatsby’s being part of a criminal enterprise to attain wealth or Jordan Baker cheating in a golf tournament to further her career. All actions are done to achieve their version of the American Dream, but the method taken contradicts traditional morals and values associated with the American Dream, such as hard, honest work. In addition, the American Dream is shown to be largely unattainable for most. Almost all characters’ attempts to find happiness end in failure. Wilson toils in his garage to have a comfortable life with his wife, but she has an affair with another man, and dies in a hit and run. Gatsby goes through the archetypical rags to riches experience in an effort to reconnect with Daisy, but loses her and dies along with his dream. No matter what lengths characters go to, their dreams are just out of reach. At the e nd of the novel, the narrator, Nick Carraway, reflects on this dying dream, saying â€Å"†¦his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled

The European Countries Were Not Strong To Handle The...

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Fast Food Automated Ordering System Free Essays

Project: Fast Food Automated Ordering System Students: Vimal Mayank and Deep Saraf Faculty Advisors: Mark Austin and John Baras TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction Purpose : Define fast food automated ordering system. Topics : Problem statement; benefits of the system; purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Food Automated Ordering System or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Goals, Scenarios, and Use Cases Purpose : Develop use cases, scenarios and system requirements. Topics : Goals and Scenarios; initial use cases with activity diagrams. 3. Generation of Requirements from Use Cases Purpose : Generate high-level requirements from use cases. Topics : High-level requirements; synthesis and breakdown of requirements; requirements traceability. 4. Generation of Specifications Purpose : Generate low-level requirements Topics : Synthesis and Breakdown of Requirements 5. High-Level System Modeling and Analysis Purpose : Create simplified models of behavior and structure. Topics : System structure diagram; functional flow block diagram; requirement traceability matrix. 6. System-Level Design Purpose : Create the system-level design. Topics : Map chunks of behavior onto the system structure; sequence diagrams. 7. Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Purpose : Applying DSM to system decomposition and Integration Problems Topics : Activity Based Design Structure Matrix 8. Tradeoff Analysis Purpose : Create framework for trade-off analysis for selection of components in a small subsystem. Topics : Performance characteristics; decision variables; CPLEX Formulation of the problem; Result of the CPLEX runs; plot of non inferior solution in the objective space; analysis of pareto points of the system; final system design. 9. Component – System Testing Purpose : Develop procedures of system test, verification and validation. Topics : Primary verification plan; verification traceability matrix; VSN’s; coverage and completeness. 10. References and Web Resources 11. Appendices Purpose : Details of the CPLEX analysis. Topics : LP file for CPLEX run; Log file of the CPLEX runs. Introduction Problem Statement This case study looks at the problem of setting up a fast food restaurant. The basic problem in the food service industry is that restaurants are not realizing efficiencies that would result from better applications of technology in their daily operations. Every fast food has counter where you can place your order and then make the payment. So every fast food needs an employee for taking the order and processing the payment. Labor rates are increasing every now and then and it is difficult to find employees in the middle of the highway, hence to solve this problem we plan to design a â€Å"Self Served Fast Food System. † This self-service fast food restaurant will be equipped with a user-friendly touch screen, a credit/debit card reader, and software for completing the process at the backend. For this system there will be a system administrator who will have the rights to enter the menu with their current prevailing prices. He/she can enter anytime in the system by a secured system password to change the menu contents by adding or deleting an item or changing its price. Now when the customer enters the restaurant, he will place his order with the help of the touch screen using the intuitive graphical user interface, right from the selection of language till the payment confirmation. He will select from the food options according to his choice and the system will display the payment amount he has to make once he has finished with his order. He will have the option of paying the bill by cash, debit card or a credit card. The user will slide his card and the system will check for the validity of the card and the payment will be made. A receipt will be printed containing the order number and the order will be sent in the kitchen for processing. Anticipated Benefits 1. This will minimize the number of employees at the back of the counter. 2. The system will help to reduce the cost of labor. 3. The system will be less probable to make mistake, since it? s a machine. 4. This will avoid long queues at the counter due to the speed of execution and number of optimum screens to accommodate the maximum throughput. 5. The system will be available 24 hours for 365 days, because the machine is not going to take any sick or vacation leave. Scope and Objectives The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate the extent to which high-level systems concept and UML notation/semantics can be used to describe the functionality of this system. This study lays out a framework for a new system to be developed and brought to the market for maximum use. The following issues, which are useful in performing a detailed analysis of the system, will be addressed in this study: 1. What should the system do? 2. What are the systems requirements? 3. How does the system work? 4. Can the system work? 5. What objects should be chosen and each of the subsystems functionality? 6. How should the object/subsystem interact? 7. How to verify and validate the system? System Framework and Boundary Goals, Scenarios and Use Cases Goals and Scenarios Goal 1. The system has a user-friendly user interface. 1. Scenario 1. 1. A particular user of the system has no difficulty in reading the text on the display. 2. Scenario 1. 2. The system is navigable through intuition. 3. Scenario 1. 3. Menu choices are presented in form of buttons, which contain text as well as little pictures illustrating the choice for better understanding. Goal 2. The system supports multi lingual capabilities. 1. Scenario 2. 1. User is not a native speaker of the common spoken language in the country. 2. Scenario 2. 2. System caters to English (universally accepted language for communication) and other native languages, which are commonly spoken in the country where the system is operative. Goal 3. System takes order from the customer as per his/her choice. 1. Scenario 3. 1. User selects a combo deal (i. e. a combination of main food, drink and side dish). 2. Scenario 3. 2. User may want to make up his own order by selecting dishes. Goal 4. The system calculates and displays the final bill based on the placed order. 1. Scenario 4. 1. System calculates final bill based on the quantity of the items multiplied by their unit price topped up by the applicable taxes if any. 2. Scenario 4. 2. User is given the option to either pay for the order or revise the order. Goal 5. System handles the payment for the user-defined order. 1. Scenario 5. 1: User decides to pay cash and system asks user to enter cash in the slot. 2. Scenario 5. 2: System verifies the cash amount and gives refund if any after deducting the amount. 3. Scenario 5. : User decides to pay through credit/debit card. System informs user to swipe card through card reader. 4. Scenario 5. 4: The system verifies the card and charges the amount of the bill to the card. Asks user to sign the bill on the signing pad. 5. Scenario 5. 5. The system prints out receipt containing a token number, details of the order, bill and the payment method with a terminal message (Thank you visit again or Store address). 6. Scenario 5. 6: System communicates the o rder to the kitchen through the internal ordering system. Goal 6. System offers the choice to change the menu items to the store manager. 1. Scenario 6. 1. Store manager decides to add / delete an item from the menu. 2. Scenario 6. 2. Store manager wants to put festive offers on some items because of which there is a change in the price of some of the items. 3. Scenario 6. 3. Store manager notices that some dishes are out of stock. Consequently he updates the menu so that those items are deleted temporarily deleted from the display presented to the user. Goal 7. The system is resistant to active/rigorous handling. 1. Scenario 7. 1. The customer must be a minor or hacker who might want to get into the system to change it. It should provide security for these areas. 2. Scenario 7. . The system will be used by different users and might experience some rough hand every now and then. Identify Actors An actor is anything that interfaces with the system externally and participates in use case modeling. In our Self Served Fast Food System the actors would be: 1. Customer. This actor is the principle customer who will order food and make the pay ment. 2. Store Manager. This actor will hold the rights to change the menu and enter the system to make any changes. 3. Internal Order System. This actor will read the order given by the customer and pass it to the food preparation person. 4. Bank System. This actor serve as a backbone for doing the credit / debit card transaction. 5. Cash Collector. This actor will accept the cash from the customer and gives back the change. 6. Food Preparation Person. This person receives the order placed by the customer through internal order system. System Boundary The system boundary is defined by the elevator itself. Initial Use Case Diagram A use case describes a single goal and all the things that can happen as the user attempts to reach that goal. Although use cases are neither requirements nor functional specification, they imply requirements, objects and object interactions in the stories they tell. Use cases are textual description of the interaction between external actors and a system. Our initial use case diagram has six actors and five use cases. Figure 1. Initial Use Case Diagram for Serve Fast Food. As you can see that the Customer places the order, which is read by the internal order system, and the order is then sent to the food preparation person for execution. In the mean time the customer makes the payment. If the payment is made in cash there is a cash collector actor or there is a bank system for credit/debit card processing and keeping the balance cash amount. Baseline (Textual) Use Cases with Activity Diagrams When the flow of events is linear, a textual description of behavior is often sufficient to capture the system behavior. Activities diagram provide a visual documenting sequence of task making up a single activity. They especially are useful for activities governed by conditional logic, and flow of event running concurrently. We describe the basic system functionality with textual use cases, and employ activity diagrams for a visual representation of the corresponding sequence of task or flow of information. Use Case 1. Place Order Primary Actor: Customer Description: Customer places an order from the available choices after indicating his language preference for the session. Pre-conditions: System is connected to a power source, display is turned on and system is configured to accept the inputs. Flow of Events: 1. User selects his language preference for the session. 2. User selects from the menu. 3. User selects from the drinks me nu 4. User selects from the combo deals 5. User confirms the order Alternative Flow of Events: 6. User accidentally presses a wrong button and after realizing it he hits the backspace button. 7. User enters a wrong order and wants to go back to the main menu. Post-condition: Order has been made that goes to the kitchen for processing. Assumption: User is familiar with how to enter values through mouse and has a general idea why the inputs are being provided and what is expected out of system. Activity diagram for this use case is given as below: Figure 2. Activity Diagram for Place Order. Use Case 2. Make Payment * Primary Actors: customer, Credit/Debit system, cash collector. Description: The user is asked for the mode of payment. The payment is accepted in terms of credit/debit card or is collected by cash collector. And the customer is given a token with their order number. Pre-condition: The order has been confirmed and the total bill has been displayed on the screen to the customer. Costumer decides to go ahead with the order. Flow of Events: 1. User enters the mode of payment. (Credit/Debit/Cash) 2. User makes the payment in cash 3. Cash collector collects the money and gives back the change if required. 4. User makes the payment by credit/debit card. 5. User receives a token number and final bill. Alternative Flow of Events: 6. User selects the mode of payment. Post-condition: Customer waits for the order to be processed. Assumption: User is familiar with how the system works and what is expected out of system. Activity diagram for this use case is given as below: Figure 3. Activity Diagram for Payment Process Use Case Use Case 3. Update Menu. * Primary Actor: Store Manager. Description: The menu might change according to the inventories or add/delete items from menu and deals. The prices of each item might change for the period of time. Pre-condition: An order menu with their respective price already exists in the system in some particular format. Flow of Events: 1. The Store manager enters the system with some password. 2. The Store manager makes the required changes. 3. The Store manager saves the changes and logs out. Alternative Flow of Events: 4. Some of the menu might not need any change. 5. User might enter invalid password and need to go back. Post-condition: A menu list will be displayed when the user enters the system. Assumption: The Store manager is given the rights and privileges to enter the system and make the required changes. Activity diagram for this use case is given below: Figure 4. Activity diagram for Update Menu Use Case Use Case 4. Monitor Inventory. * Primary Actor: Food preparation person, Store Manager Description: This use case triggers when an item goes out of stock. Pre-condition: None Flow of Events: 1. Food preparation person/Store manager notices an item out of stock 2. Updates the menu accordingly. Post-condition: A new and updated menu list will be displayed. Assumption: The Store manager is given the rights and privileges to enter the system and make the required changes. Activity diagram for this use case is given below: Figure 5. Activity Diagram for Monitor Inventory Use Case 5. Read Order. Primary Actor: Food preparation person, Internal Order system. Description: Internal order system reads the order once the customer confirms his order and then he communicates the order to the food preparation person. Pre-condition: User confirms the order. Flow of Events: 1. Internal order system reads the order 2. Communicates the order to the food preparation person Post-condition: The final ord er is being processed in the kitchen. Assumption: Food preparation person is available to take the order and know the sequence of processing the orders. Activity diagram for this use case is given below: Figure 6. Activity diagram for Read Order Use Case Task Component Interaction Figure 7. Use Case Task Component Interaction Generation of Requirements from Use Cases Having generated the baseline textual use cases and the scenarios for the current problem we can now generate the requirements for the Self Served Fast Food system. Requirements are derived from various goals and scenarios, use cases so it is important to trace back the source of requirement. High-Level Requirements (ENSE 621 version) These are the first draft of requirements written during the beginning of the semester when the system engineering principles were not very clear. These requirements are not quantified and are very ambiguous. They are not specific to any object or process and hence needs to be refined. User Requirements 1. User should be able to navigate the system without any difficulty. 2. System supports native language of the country and other commonly spoken languages. 3. User should be able to place order according to his choices 4. User should be able to make payment using cash/credit/debit card. 5. User should get a receipt and a token number after making the payment. Sources: Goals 1,2 ; 5, Scenario 1. 1,3. 1, ; 5. 4, Use Case 1 ; 2. Performance Requirements 1. The system should be able to take any type of inputs, once the mouse is clicked on the respective button. 2. The system should be able to take any amount of order and display it when finished. 3. The system should be able to calculate the bill and prompt the user for the mode of payment and generate a receipt. 4. The system should be able to pass on the order in the kitchen for processing. 5. The system should be secured to restrict the number of people to enter the system to make changes in the menu and its items. 6. The system should be sturdy for rough usage. 7. System has a cash collector which gives refund up to 5 $ in coins. 8. System should be able to communicate to the central database to verify the authenticity of the credit/debit card. 9. System should allow Store manager to add/delete/alter system items. Sources: Goals 5,6 ; 7, Scenario 4. 1 ; 4. 2, Use Case 2,3,4 ; 5 User Interface Requirements 1. The system must be a graphical user interface for easy use and understanding. 2. The system must be able to prompt the user for the next step to be performed during the process of using the system. 3. The system must display the bill and final order for confirmation. Sources: Goal 1, Scenario 4. 3 ; 5. 4, Use Case 1 ; 4 Ergonomics Requirements 1. The system interface layout must be self-explanatory 2. Horizontal and vertical distances between two adjacent buttons should be at least 5 pixels for better visibility and accessibility. 3. The mouse should be placed not below 3 feet above the ground. Sources: Goal 1, Scenario 1. 2 ; 1. 3, Use Case 1 ; 4. Requirements Traceability Flowdown of Requirements from Use Cases/Scenarios The detailed flowdown of requirements from use cases and scenarios is as follows (ENSE 621, version): SOURCE | DESTINATION | Use Case | Scenario | Requirement No | Description | Place Order | 1. 2 | User 1 | Easy navigability | | 2. 1, 2. 2 | User 2 | Support of native language and others | | 1. 3, 3. 1, 3. 2 | User 3 | User places order as per his choice | | 3. 1, 3. 2 | Performance 1,2 | Take any input and amount of order | | 4. 1 | Performance 3 | Able to calculate bill, prompt for mode of payment and give receipt. | | 1. 3, 1. 1 | User Interface 1 | Supports GUI for easy use. | | 1. 2 | User Interface 2 | Prompts user for next step | | 4. 1 | User Interface 3 | Display bill and confirm order | | 1. , 1. 3 | Ergonomics 1 | Self explanatory system interface | | 1. 3 | Ergonomics 2 | 5 pixel distance b/w buttons | Make Payment | 1. 2 | User 1 | Easy navigability | | 5. 1, 5. 3 | User 4 | Make payment using cash/credit/debit cards. | | 5. 5 | User 5 | Generation of receipt/token no. | | 4. 1 | Performance 3 | Able to calculate bill, prompt for mode of payment and give receipt. | | 5. 2 | Performance 7 | Eq uipped with cash refund device. | | 5. 4 | Performance 8 | Ability to connect with bank central database. | | 1. 2 | User Interface 2 | Prompts user for next step. | | 4. | User Interface 3 | Display bill and confirm order. | | 1. 1 ; 1. 3 | Ergonomics 1 | Self explanatory system interface. | | 1. 3 | Ergonomics 2 | 5 pixel distance b/w buttons Update Menu. | | 7. 1 | Performance 5 | Restricted access to change system. | | 6. 1, 6. 2 ; 6. 3 | Performance 9 | Ability to add /delete / alter menu items. | | 1. 1 ; 1. 3 | Ergonomics 1 | Self explanatory system interface. | | 1. 3 | Ergonomics 2 | 5 pixel distance b/w buttons Monitor inventory. | | 6. 1, 6. 2 and 6. 3 | Performance 9 | Ability to add /delete / alter menu items Read Order. | | 5. | Performance 4 | Communicate order to kitchen. | Traceability of Requirements to Use Cases / Scenarios Traceability from requirements back to originating use cases/scenarios is as follows (ENSE 621 version): SOURCE | DESTINATION | Requirement No | Description | Scenario | Use Case | User 1 | Easy navigability | 1. 2 | 1,2 | User 2 | Support of native language ; others. | 2. 1, 2. 2 | 1 | User 3 | User places order as per his choice. | 1. 3, 3. 1 ; 3. 2 | 1 | User 4 | Make payment using cash/credit/debit cards | 5. 1 ; 5. 3 | 2 | User 5 | Generation of receipt/token no. | 5. 5 | 2 | Performance 1 | Take any input. | 3. 1 ; 3. 2 | 1 | Performance 2 | Take any amount of order. | 3. 1 ; 3. 2 | 1 | Performance 3 | Able to calculate bill, prompt for mode of payment and give receipt. | 4. 1 | 1,2 | Performance 4 | Communicate order to kitchen. | 5. 6 | 5 | Performance 5 | Restricted access to change system. | 7. 1 | 3 | Performance 6 | Sturdy system for rough usage. | 7. 2 | None | Performance 7 | Equipped with cash refund device. | 5. 2 | 2 | Performance 8 | Ability to connect with bank central database. | 5. 4 | 2 | Performance 9 | Ability to add /delete / alter menu items. 6. 1, 6. 2 ; 6. 3 | 3,4 | User Interface 1 | Supports GUI for easy use. | 1. 1 ; 1. 3 | 1 | User Interface 2 | Prompts user for next step. | 1. 2 | 1,2 | User Interface 3 | Display bill and confirm order. | 4. 1 | 1,2 | Ergonomics 1 | Self explanatory system interface | 1. 1 ; 1. 3 | 1,2,3 | Ergonomics 2 | 5 pixel distance b/w buttons. | 1. 3 | 1,2,3 | Ergonomics 3 | Vertical placing of mouse. | 1. 2 | None | High-Level Requirements (ENSE 622 version) Concept Requirement List (CRL) are the set of requirements which demonstrate the over all system, its needs and outputs. These are the set of requirements generally provided by the management to the designers. Following are the set of CRL for the fast-food ordering system that we plan to design and develop. 1. System supports native language of the country and other commonly spoken languages. 2. User should be able to place order according to his choices 3. User should be able to make payment using cash / credit / debit card. 4. User should get a receipt and a token number after making the payment. 5. The system should be able to take any type of inputs, once he touches the respective button. . The system should be able to calculate the bill and prompt the user for the mode of payment and generate a receipt. 7. The system should be able to pass on the order in the kitchen for processing. 8. The system should be secured to restrict the number of people to enter the system to make changes in the menu and its items. 9. The system should be sturdy for rough usage. 10. System has a cash return mechanism whi ch gives refund up to 5 $ in coins. 11. System should be able to communicate to the central database to verify the authenticity of the credit/debit card. 12. System should allow Store manager to add/delete/alter system items. 13. The system must be a graphical user interface for easy use and understanding. 14. The system must be able to prompt the user for the next step to be performed during the process of using the system. Generation of Specifications Synthesis and Breakdown of Requirements Detailed model of Requirements Flowdown : System-level requirements are assigned to elements in the system architecture, which in turn, flow down to subsystem elements. Appropriate test requirements are generated at each level of the system development. Starting ate the sub-system level, other stakeholder requirements are taken into account, perhaps because the subsystem elements will be used across a product line. Designers working on the sub-system elements provide feedback to the system-level designers. We divide our system at different levels of requirements, to make sure that all the requirement specifications are covered and study the flowdown of requirements. You will notice that there are the requirements at the system level, which are very similar to the higher level requirements and then we study the requirements at the Sub-System level and component level. Later, in the project we will see how these requirements are tested and verified at there levels and then we integrate them to test the whole system. Figure 8. Detailed model of Requirement Flowdown 1. 0 System Level Requirements System-level requirements are assigned to elements in the system architecture, which in turn, flow down to subsystem elements. Appropriate test requirements are generated at each level of the system development. 1. 1. Restaurant will be open for 16 hours and will operate in four shifts as Morning (730 AM -1130 AM), Afternoon (1130 AM -330 PM), Evening (330 PM – 730 PM) and Night (730 PM -1130 PM). . 2. System should be able to serve a throughput of 50, 125, 50, 75 customers per hour during these four shifts respectively. 1. 3. Cooks, cleaners and assemblers will be the type of employees working the restaurant. 1. 4. Cook will be paid at the rate of $5 per hour for the duration of their work. 1. 5. Assemblers will be paid at the rate of $4. 75 per hour for the duration of their work. 1. 6. Cleaner will be paid at the rate of $4. 5 per hour for the duration of their work. 1. 7. Customer will leave without ordering if he sees 6 or more people in the line waiting to be served thereby causing a loss in revenue. 2. Sub-system Level Requirements Starting at the sub-system level, other stakeholder requirements are taken into account, perhaps because the subsystem elements will be used across a product line. Designers working on the sub-system elements provide feedback to the system-level designers. (a) 2. 1 Ordering and Processing System 2. 1. 1. The system will provide queue management by passing orders sequentially to kitchen (FIFO) by assigning order numbers to them. 2. 1. 2. Customer should be able to order item either by name or by number (for combo deals). 2. 1. 3. System will support native and other commonly spoken language in the country. . 1. 4. An average order takes about 1 minute to complete with a variance of 10 seconds. 2 . 1. 5. Customer takes 2 minutes on an average to complete and ordering process. 2. 1. 6. System will be equipped with a standard QWERTY keyboard for taking inputs. (b) 2. 2 Payment System 2. 2. 1. This Order number will be printed on the bill that customer receives. 2. 2. 2. System shall be able to accept cash and coins. 2. 2. 3. System should be able to accept debit / credit cards. 2. 2. 4. System will accept only $1, 5, 10, 20 bills and nickel, dime, quarter denomination of coins. 2. 2. 5. System will reject pennies ; $50, $100 bills. 2. 2. 6. System won’t allow putting in $1 coin. 2. 2. 7 Cash return will return change only in coins (up to $5 maximum) 3. 0 Component Level Requirements (a) 3. 1 Touch Screen 3. 1. 1. Touch screen should be able to take inputs from users when they apply a light pressure (x lb) from their fingers corresponding to an item. 3. 1. 2. Touch screen should be able to withstand rough use i. e. it will be scratch proof (i. e. , will be resistant to nail scratching) and will not malfunction if a pressure of (x+5) lb is applied to the screen. 3. 1. 3. Touch screen will colored for visual appeal and will support at least 256 colors. 3. 1. 4. Resolution of the screen will be at least 640X480 pixels. 3. 1. 5. Touch screen will be at least 10 in size. 3. 1. 6. Touch screen should be able to display at least 15 rows and 60 columns of text when the font size of the text is 10. (b) 3. 2 Card Acceptor/Reader 3. 2. 1. System will be equipped with a card reader with built it keypad (containing all digits and special function keys corresponding to CANCEL, OK, # etc). 3. 2. 2. This card reader should be able to read the card information if swiped at a speed 1 m/s. 3. . 3. Card reader will have a vertical slot on the right hand side of the keypad. (c) 3. 3. Display 3. 3. 1. System will display all the menu items in icons/graphics format for selecting. 3. 3. 2. System will prompt the user for mode of payment. 3. 3. 3. Order will be transferred to the kitchen touch screen instantaneously once the user does the payment. 3. 3. 4. System will disp lay the order sequentially on the kitchen screen with a forward and back button at the bottom. 3. 3. 5. Touching an order on the kitchen screen will prompt the system that the order has been delivered and the screen will be rolled forward. . 3. 6. Any error message during such a process will be reported to the user on the touch screen informing him to take any further action. 3. 3. 7. There will be a high contrast between the foreground and the background of the display for easy reading capabilities. 3. 3. 8. Throughout the ordering process all the text displayed on the screen will be either greater than 10 or less than 18 font size so that all users (young, adult, old) can read it. (d) 3. 4. Modem 3. 4. 1. Modem should be able to complete a transaction (dialing, sending information, receiving information) in 15 seconds or less at all times. . 4. 2. Once connected to the bank system will supply the card information to the bank database, will query the card validity and will supply t he amount to be charged to the card. (e) 3. 5 Software 3. 5. 1. System will be secured to grant access rights only to the system administrator. For this a login ID and a password will be assigned which could be changed. Password won’t be visible to onlookers while typing for increased security. 3. 5. 2. System will deny access to change the contents if the login/password both are incorrect by providing an error message System Modeling and Analysis System Behavior System behavior shows what a system does or appears to do, Its represented graphically by a model which integrates the functional model and the inputs and outputs. The figures below shows two versions of two different functional models. Our first model is the Order System and the second model show the payment activity. The 621 version is the basic version of the model with most of function not very well defined which you will notice when you view the 622 version of the Activities. FFBD’s for Order and Payment (ENSE 621 version) Figure 9. FFBD’s for Order and Payment (ENSE 621 Version) FFBD for System Updates (ENSE 621 version) Figure 10. FFBD for System Updates. FFBD for Pay Bill (ENSE 622 version) This is a more detailed functional flow block diagram of the sequence of functions that take place in the Order and Payment processes. Figure 11. FFBD for Pay Bill (ENSE 622 version) FFBD for System Administrator (ENSE 622 version) Figure 12. FFBD for System Administrator (ENSE 622 version) Statechart Diagram A statechart diagram (STD) describes the possible states of a single class and the events that cause state transitions. They are useful for showing the life cycle of the class. Statechart and activity diagrams both describe state transitions and share many of the same elements. An activity diagram is most effective for describing processes that involve more than one object. The following diagram shows the statechart diagram of our system. Figure 13. Statechart diagram †¦. System Structure The model of system structure has evolved through two versions. Preliminary System Structure (ENSE 621 version) In the preliminary implementation (ENSE 621), the â€Å"automated ordering system† was partitioned into elements for input, menu, payment, system administration and output. Figure 14. System Structure (ENSE 621 Version). Notice that the system structure does not include the environment within which the ordering system works and also some of the objects that are considered at lower level are not objects of the system, instead they are attributes. Revised System Structure (ENSE 622 version) Version two of the system structure has a larger scope. The highest-level of system structure, â€Å"fast food system† is a composition of three systems — staff, kitchen and automated food ordering system. Figure 15. Revised System Structure (ENSE 622 version) Attributes and functions are assigned to classes in the system hierarchy, as shown in Figure 15. System-Level Design We now map chunks of behavior onto the system structure and show the flow of messages/data among system components with sequence diagrams. As you can see in the diagram below the system structure have been revised again to trace all the functions of the system behavior. We have also added the attributes related to each object in the system structure. Assigning Fragments of Behavior to the Object Structure System-Level Design (ENSE 622 version) Figure 16. System Structure Fragments of Behavior for the System-Level Design Sequence diagram provides a graphical representation for how a task is accomplished by passing a sequence of messages among objects. These interactions define behavior as implemented by the fragments of the system structure. Our system can be divided into two different sequence diagram as shown below: Sequence Diagrams for Placing an Order (ENSE 621 version) Figure 17. Sequence of Messages for Placing an Order As seen in the diagram the customer enters the system by clicking begin button and selects his language choice. He then clicks on the menu button to see the menu items and then makes a selection. He then confirms his order by clicking on the confirm order button. Sequence Diagrams for Making the Payment (ENSE 621 version) Figure 18. Sequence of Message for Making the Payment Customer has been prompted for the mode of payment. If he selects cash then he has to give cash to the cash collector and receive change, if any. He also receives a receipt from the cash collector. If the customer selects debit/credit card payment mode, he is asked again to select from debit or credit. If he selects debit card then he is asked a pin number or else he is asked to slide the card. After checking for the validity of the card the payment is made and the customer receives a receipt. Traceability of Requirements to Attributes and Functions System Level Requirements | Object | Attribute | Function | 1. 1. Restaurant will be open for 16 hours and will operate in four shifts as Morning (730 AM -1130 AM), Afternoon (1130 AM -330 PM), Evening (330 PM – 730 PM) and Night (730 PM -1130 PM). | Fast Food System | Time | | 1. 2. System should be able to serve a throughput of 50, 125, 50, 75 customers per hour during these four shifts respectively. | Fast Food System | Throughput | | 1. . Cooks, cleaners and assemblers will be the type of employees working the restaurant. | Employee | type | | 1. 4. Cook will be paid at the rate of $5 per hour for the duration of their work. | Cook | Salary | | 1. 5. Assemblers will be paid at the rate of $4. 75 per hour for the duration of their work. | Assemblers | Salary | | 1. 6. Cleaner will be paid at the rate of $4. 5 per hour for the duration of their work. | Cleaner | Salary | | 1. 7. Customer will leave without ordering if he sees 6 or more people in the line waiting to be served thereby causing a loss in revenue. Fast Food System | Waiting time | | Sub-System Level Requirements | Object | Attribute | Function | 2. 1. 1. The system will provide queue management by passing orders sequentially to kitchen (FIFO) by assigning order numbers to them. | Internal Ordering System | Order No | TransmitOrder ToKitchen | 2. 1. 2. Customer should be able to order item either by name or by number (for combo deals). | Item | Type/Name | Order | 2. 1. 3. System will support native and other commonly spoken language in the country. | Display | Language | | 2. 1. 4. An average order takes about 1 minute to complete with a variance of 10 seconds. | Kitchen | | Make Order | 2. 1. 5. Customer takes 2 minutes on an average to complete and ordering process. | | | place order | 2. 1. 6. System will be equipped with a standard QWERTY keyboard for taking inputs. | Keypad | layout | | 2. 2. 1. This Order number will be printed on the bill that customer receives. | Receipt Printer | Order No | PrintOrderNo | 2. 2. 2. System shall be able to accept cash and coins. | Cash Acceptor | Type | AcceptCash- AndCoin | 2. 2. 3. System should be able to accept debit / credit cards. Card Reader | Type | ReadCard | 2. 2. 4. System will accept only $1, 5, 10, 20 bills and nickel, dime, quarter denomination of coins. | Cash Acceptor | TypeTo AceeptCash- AndCoin | AcceptCash- AndCoin | 2. 2. 5. System will reject pennies ; $50, $100 bills. | Cash Acceptor | | RejectCash AndCoin | 2. 2. 6. System won’t allow putting in $1 coin. | Cash Acceptor | | RejectCash AndCoi n | 2. 2. 7. Cash return will return change only in coins. | Cash Return | type | returnChange | Component Level Requirements | Object | Attribute | Function | 3. 1. 1. Touch screen should be able to take inputs from users when they apply a light pressure (x lb) from their fingers corresponding to an item. | Touch Screen | | TakeInput | 3. 1. 2. Touch screen should be able to withstand rough use i. e. it will be scratch proof (i. e. , will be resistant to nail scratching) and will not malfunction if a pressure of (x+5) lb is applied to the screen. | Touch Screen | | | 3. 1. 3. Touch screen will colored for visual appeal and will support at least 256 colors. | Touch Screen | type | | 3. 1. 4. Resolution of the screen will be at least 640X480 pixels. Touch Screen | pixels | | 3. 1. 5. Touch screen will be at least 10†³ in size. | Touch Screen | dimension | | 3. 1. 6. Touch screen should be able to display at least 15 rows and 60 columns of text when the font size of the text is 10. | Touch Screen | dimension | | 3. 2. 1. System will be equipped with a card reader with built it keypad (containing all digits and special function keys corresponding to CANCEL, OK, # etc). | Card Reader | type | | 3. 2. 2. This card reader should be able to read the card information if swiped at a speed 1 m/s. | Card Reader | | ReadCard | 3. 2. 3. Card reader ill have a vertical slot on the right hand side of the keypad. | Card Reader | LocationOf Slot | | 3. 2. 4. System will read the swiped card, will retrieve the total bill amount and initiate the modem to dial the bank to complete the transaction. | Modem / Card Processor | | Dial Bank | 3. 3. 1. System will display all the menu items in icons/graphics format for selecting. | Display | | selectItem | 3. 3. 2. System will prompt the user for mode of payment. | Display | Payment Mode | SelectPayment Mode | 3. 3. 3. Order will be transferred to the kitchen touch screen instantaneously once the user does the payment. Internal Ordering System | ProtocolTo- Communicate | TransmitOrder ToKitchen | 3. 3. 4. System will display the order sequentially on the kitchen screen with a forward and back but ton at the bottom. | KitchenScreen | | ForwardOrder ReverseOrder | 3. 3. 5. Touching an order on the kitchen screen will prompt the system that the order has been delivered and the screen will be rolled forward. | KitchenScreen | | SignalComplete- Order | 3. 3. 6. Any error message during such a process will be reported to the user on the touch screen informing him to take any further action. Display | | ReportError Message | 3. 3. 7. There will be a high contrast between the foreground and the background of the display for easy reading capabilities. | Display | | | 3. 3. 8. Throughout the ordering process all the text displayed on the screen will be either greater than 10 or less than 18 font size so that all users (young, adult, old) can read it. | Display | Text/Size | | 3. 4. 1. Modem should be able to complete a transaction (dialing, sending information, receiving information) in 15 seconds or less at all times. | Modem | Speed | Dial Bank/ Transmit Information | 3. 4. 2. Once connected to the bank system will supply the card information to the bank database, will query the card validity and will supply the amount to be charged to the card. | Modem | | Transmit Information | 3. 5. 1. System will be secured to grant access rights only to the system administrator. For this a login ID and a password will be assigned which could be changed. Password won’t be visible to onlookers while typing for increased security. | Software| Login/ Password | Authorize | 3. 5. 2. System will deny access to change the contents if the login/password/ both are incorrect by providing an error message. System Administrator/ Software| | Deny Access | Design Structure Matrix Systems engineering of product, process, and organizations require tools and techniques for system decomposition and integration. A design structure matrix provides a simple compact and visual representation of a complex system that supports innovative solutions to decomposition and integration prob lems. The techniques of DSMs have led to there increasing use in a variety of contexts, including product development, project planning, project management, systems engineering, and organization design. There are two main categories of DSMs: Static and Time-based. Static DSMs represent system elements existing simultaneously, such as components of a product architecture or groups in an organization. In time-based DSMs, the ordering of the rows and columns indicate a flow through time: upstream activities in a process precede downstream activities, and terms like ‘Feedforward’ and ‘Feedback’ become meaningful when referring to interfaces. Figure 19. DSM Taxonomy 1. Component -Based or Architecture DSM: Used for modeling systems architectures based components and/or subsystems and their relationships. . Team-Based or Organization DSM: Use for modeling organization structures based on people and/or groups and their interactions. 3. Activity-Based or Schedule DSM: Used for modeling processes and activity based networks based on activities and their information flow and other dependencies. 4. Parameter-Based (or Low-Level Schedule) DSM: Used for modeling low-lev el relationships between design decisions and parameters, systems of equations, subroutine parameter exchanges. Now let us apply one of the DSM techniques to our existing system. Let us consider the Pay Bill activity of our system and apply the ‘Information Flow based Process Modeling’ using the Activity-Based DSM. Processes – especially product development processes are complex systems. A prerequisite to process improvement is process understanding. Process structure or architecture affects process efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, process architecture can be an important source of competitive advantage. Improved understanding of process architecture can be gained by using process models, particularly ones that support process decomposition and integration analysis. Process decomposition requires and understanding of process activities and their interfaces, because the interfaces are what give a process its added value. therefore process models must capture flows. Modeling a process requires two representation steps, followed by integration analysis 1. Decompose the process into activities 2. Document the information flow among the activities 3. Analyze the sequencing of the activities into a maximally-feed-forward process flow. Activity-Based DSM of the payment design process: Activities| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| Display Bill| 1| | X| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Select Mode of payment| 2| | | X| | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | Read Card| 3| | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dial bank| 4| | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | | | Transmit information| 5| | | | | | X| | X| | | | | | | | | | Decline card| 6| | | | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | Display error message| 7| | X| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Approve card| 8| | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | | | Display Approved message| 9| | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | | Get signature| 10| | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | Print receipt| 11| | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | Transmit order to kitchen| 12| | | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | Accept cash/coins| 13| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | read amount| 14| | | | | | | | | | | | | | X| X| | Count total amount and display| 15| | | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | X| Reject Cash/Coin| 16| | | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | Return chan ge| 17| | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | Figure: Activity Based DSM for Fast Food Payment System With a reasonably accurate model of a process, one then uses the model to look for improvements, expecting that they can be implemented in the real process. the primary goal in basic DSM analysis is to minimize feedbacks and their scope by restructuring and re-architecting the process, that is, by re-sequencing the rows and columns of the matrix. This widely practiced initial step in analysis is called partitioning, block diagonalization or block triangularization. In our model since there are very few feedback paths and amongst the existing ones every path is important hence we cannot minimize the number of feedback paths. But after frequenting DSM we have the following block-diagonalized DSM Activities| | 4| 5| 6| 1| 7| 2| 3| 8| 9| 10| 15| 11| 17| 13| 14| 16| 12| Dial bank| 4| | X| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Transmit information| 5| | | X| | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | Decline card| 6| | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | | | Display Bill| 1| | | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | | Display error message| 7| | | | | | X| | | | | | | | | | | | Select Mode of payment| 2| | | | | | | X| | | | | | | X| | | | Read Card| 3| X| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Approve card| 8| | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | | | Display Approved message| 9| | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | | | Get signature| 10| | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | Count total amount and display| 15| | | | | | | | | | | | | X| X| | | | Print receipt| 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | X| Return change| 17| | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | | Accept cash/coins| 13| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | read amount| 14| | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | | X| | Reject Cash/Coin| 16| | | | | | | | | | | | | | X| | | | Transmit order to kitchen| 12| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Figure: Revised Activity Based DSM for Fast Food Payment System An activity based DSM provides a systematic method for designing a data-driven project schedule such that information transfer is timely and the design more rapidly converges to the desired performance specifications along multiple dimensions. System Trade-Off Analysis System Performance Characteristics 1. Minimizing the Cost of Operating the System (per day/per shift). This directly relates to the salary of the employees and the other variable cost like operating cost of the touch screen and the raw materials 2. Maximizing the Number of customers (Throughput), Which can be handled by the system in a given shift: This in turn again relates to the number of employees and the number of operating touch screen. 3. Minimizing the Queue Length This is a direct measure of the customer satisfaction with the system and may cause loss of revenue if a customer decides it is not worth waiting for the system to be free and will leave. 4. Maximizing the Operator Utilization That is we would not like to pay for the employees, which are sitting idle and cause the cost of operating the system to go up without generating revenue. 5. Minimizing the Maximum Time spent by the Customer in the System This might be a bottleneck consideration while designing the system. A customer will not come back again if he sees that he has to spend a lot of time get his order completed. Also this is an important characteristic in time critical setting (for e. g. at airport where a customer has to catch a connecting flight and he drops in to get a quick snack or the operation of the fast food restaurant in the business neighborhood where people are always running late for meetings and other important work). 6. Minimizing the Average Waiting Time This is more or less directly relates to the queue length minimization problem. But it is important to consider the time it takes for an average customer to complete the order on the touch screen. So queue moves quickly. So this in turn relates to designing a user interface, which causes a user to navigate smoothly across the screens without fumbling for the things, he is looking for. 7. Minimize the Queue Length at the Pickup Counter It is not simply enough to state that minimizing the queue on the touch screens or average waiting time on the touch screens will do the job. We also have to consider employing enough assemblers so that they deliver the prepared order quickly and efficiently. 8. Minimizing the Number of Lost Customers This directly relates to the requirement on the percentage of customer who will be served by the system. Obviously a lost customer is lost revenue and as this number increases so is the increasing dissatisfaction with the restaurant operation. After all no owner would like to listen to a grapevine that its restaurant fails to meet the demand of that particular area. Decision Variables The decision variables are as follows: 1. Number of Cooks This variable directly relates to the speed of making the food. A large number will ensure that a customer does not have to wait for their order to be prepared. But on the other hand a large number may signify that cooks are sitting idle if the demand is not so big there by increasing the cost of operation. 2. Number of Assemblers These people are needed to assemble food and delivering them in an efficient fashion. Sometimes these people are also required to deliver instant entities in the order like soda and fries. For a system design without touch screens these are the people, which take the order. A higher number is good from the customer point of view, as they don? t have to wait but is bad from the owner’s perspective because it means a higher idle time for slump periods and increasing cost of operation. 3. Number of Cleaners Obviously as per the federal guidelines a restaurant has to ensure a degree of cleanliness. So this number increases as the number of customer increase to utilize the system. 4. Number of Touch Screens There is an upfront cost of installing and networking the screens via a central server, which carries all the data. So it is important of the owner to decide upon the number of customer he expects in a particular business setting and employ a most cost effective solution. A higher number means customer has to wait in small queue and their order will be sent to the kitchen promptly. But there is a operating cost and a fixed cost of installing each of the touch screens. CPLEX Problem Formulation Identifying the above performance characteristic and the decision variable now we have to conduct a trade off analysis to optimize the system design with respect to all of the performance characteristics. As seen above this is a multi objective optimization problem with competing objectives with respect to the decision variables. Trade off analysis with CPLEX: In this we will analyze the performance of the system with respect to the decision variables. Specifically we chose Cost of operating the system, number of customers that can be handled and the length of the queue. As per the given requirement document the following model equations were obtained. See an explanation of the details of the equation below. Objective Function * Minimize the cost of operating the system per day. * 20(X1+X2+X3+X4)+18(Y1+Y2+Y3+Y4)+19(Z1+Z2+Z3+Z4)+16W * Maximize the number of customers which can handled by the system (throughput) * 240(X1+X2+X3+X4) Minimize the length of queue generated at the counter: This in effect becomes maximizing W. We will show it in a moment. where: * X1: Number of cooks working in the breakfast shift * X2: Number of cooks working in the lunch shift * X3: Number of cooks working in the snacks shift * X4: Number of cooks working in the dinner shift * Y1: Number of cleaners working in the breakfast shift * Y2: Number of cleaners working in the lunch shift * Y3: Number of cleaners working in the snacks shift * Y4: Number of cleaners working in the dinner shift * Z1: Number of assemblers working in the breakfast shift * Z2: Number of assemblers working in the lunch shift Z3: Number of assemblers working in the snacks shift * Z4: Number of assemblers working in the dinner shift * W: Number of touch screens installed in the system Equation for the operating cost was obtained as follows: As per the requirement document cooks, cleaners and the assemblers are paid a salary of $5, $4. 5 and $4. 75 per hour. We have 4 hours per shift and there are four shifts. So salary expenses for a typical day becomes: Salary = 4*5(X1+X2+X3+X4)+4*4. 5(Y1+Y2+Y3+Y4)+4*4. 75(Z1+Z2+Z3+Z4) = 20 (X1+X2+X3+X4) + 18 (Y1+Y2+Y3+Y4)+ 19 (Z1+Z2+Z3+Z4) Operating cost of a touch screen was deter mined to be $1 per hour based on its useful life and the cost of buying it. So for 16 hours operation of w screens we have an operating cost of 16W per day added to the above equation resulting in the complete equation of the cost. Equation for the number of customers that can be handled by the system per day was obtained as follows: Bottleneck process for the system is preparing food, which is carried out by the employed cooks in a particular shift. It was estimated that for an average order a cook takes about 1 minute to prepare the main dish. So for a shift one cook can handle about 240 customers based on the 4-hour duration of the shift. Again to keep the problem simple small breaks taken by the employees during the work were neglected. We are designing the system to operate at its peak capacity and then see its performance. Based on this data average throughput of the system per day is given by 240*( X1 + X2 + X3 + X4) Any demand over this value will cause long lines at the pickup counter and possibly loss of the customers. As noted above in the objective formulation we now explain how minimizing the length of queue relates to the maximizing number of touch screen installed. Though it is very intuitive. Customer arrival and customer service follow poison and exponential distribution respectively. The queue under consideration is called a multi-channel single stage queue as shown below: That is, customers arrive according to a poison process with a mean rate of arrival into the system and join a single queue. The person at the front of the queue seizes the first available resource (touch screen) to place his order. The process of placing the order is exponential with a mean rate of about 2 minutes. This is symbolized as a M/M/W type of multi-channel single stage queue. Length of this queue is calculated as follows: Customers arrive according to a Poisson process with rate l There are s servers. There is a single line of entities awaiting service Service time is exponential with rate m Let r = l/sm We have used an Excel template to calculate Lq Result of the CPLEX Runs We have used the constraint method to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. i. . , we have minimized the cost taking the throughput and the number of the screens as the constraints. Following matrix shows the result of the cplex run (A log of the cplex file containing the runs can be seen in Appendix 1. LP formulation file used to run the cplex optimization can be seen in Appendix 2). No. | Design Variables | Cost | Meal Throughput | Queue Length | | W | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | Z1 | Z2 | Z3 | Z4 | | Breakfast | Lunch | Snacks | Dinner | Total | Bf | Lun | Nn | Din | Avg | 1 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 419 | 200 | 500 | 200 | 300 | 1200 | 0. 001 | 0. 235 | 0. 001 | 0. 009 | 0. 615 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 419 | 240 | 720 | 240 | 480 | 1680 | 0. 002 | 3. 683 | 0. 002 | 0. 189 | 0. 969 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 439 | 200 | 600 | 250 | 350 | 1400 | 0. 001 | 0. 81 | 0. 003 | 0. 024 | 0. 2095 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 459 | 250 | 650 | 250 | 450 | 1600 | 0. 003 | 1. 48 | 0. 003 | 0. 119 | 0. 40125 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 518 | 250 | 750 | 300 | 500 | 1800 | 0. 003 | 5. 847 | 0. 009 | 0. 235 | 1. 5235 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 538 | 300 | 800 | 350 | 750 | 2200 | 0. 009 | 17. 223 | 0. 024 | 5. 847 | 5. 7575 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 435 | 200 | 500 | 200 | 300 | 1200 | 0 | 0. 078 | 0 | 0. 002 | 0. 02 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 435 | 240 | 720 | 240 | 480 | 1680 | 0 | 1. 071 | 0 | 0. 059 | 0. 2825 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 455 | 200 | 600 | 250 | 350 | 1400 | 0 | 0. 279 | 0. 001 | 0. 006 | 0. 0715 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 475 | 250 | 650 | 250 | 450 | 1600 | 0. 001 | 0. 494 | 0. 001 | 0. 038 | 0. 1335 | 11 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 534 | 250 | 750 | 300 | 500 | 1800 | 0. 001 | 1. 494 | 0. 002 | 0. 078 | 0. 9375 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 554 | 300 | 800 | 350 | 750 | 2200 | 0. 002 | 2. 663 | 0. 006 | 1. 494 | 1. 04125 | 13 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 451 | 200 | 500 | 200 | 300 | 1200 | 0 | 0. 026 | 0 | 0 | 0. 0065 | 14 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 451 | 240 | 720 | 240 | 480 | 1680 | 0 | 0. 39 | 0 | 0. 019 | 0. 10225 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 471 | 200 | 600 | 250 | 350 | 1400 | 0 | 0. 101 | 0 | 0. 002 | 0. 02575 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 491 | 250 | 650 | 250 | 450 | 1600 | 0 | 0. 182 | 0 | 0. 012 | 0. 485 | 17 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 550 | 250 | 750 | 300 | 500 | 1800 | 0 | 0. 536 | 0 | 0. 026 | 0. 1405 | 18 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 570 | 300 | 800 | 350 | 750 | 2200 | 0 | 0. 895 | 0. 002 | 0. 536 | 0. 35825 | Where * Throughput = Breakfast + Lunch + Snacks + Dinner * Lenbf: Average length of queue for breakfast * Lenlun: Average length of queue for lunch * Lensn: Average length of queue for snacks * Lendin: Average length of queue for dinner * Average: (Lenbf + Lenlun + Lensn + Lendin)/4. 0 Plot of Non Inferior Solution in the Objective Space Trade-Off between Throughput and Cost Trade-Off b etween Cost and Length of Queue Trade-Off between Throughput and Length of Queue Analysis of Pareto Points of the System From the above matrix and the graphs plotted taken two objective at a time following pareto points were obtained (shown in the above graphs with a circle around it): No. | Cost | Throughput | Length of Queue | W | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | Z1 | Z2 | Z3 | Z4 | 1 | 419 | 1200 | 0. 0615 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 419 | 1680 | 0. 969 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 435 | 1200 | 0. 02 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 435 | 1680 | 0. 2825 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 451 | 1200 | 0. 065 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 451 | 1680 | 0. 1022 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | A Pareto point correspond to a point in the objective space which belongs to a set of non-inferior solutions meaning if you move away from this point to any other point in the objective space you will have to sac rifice at least one objective. Final System Design From the owners perspective point 2 seems to be a best compromise among all the available system design because it has a low cost of operation per day and can handle a high throughput at a reasonable queue length, which is acceptable by the requirement document. No. | Cost | Throughput | Length of Queue | W | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | Z1 | Z2 | Z3 | Z4 | 2 | 419 | 1680 | 0. 969 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | System-Component Testing Primary Verification Plan Testing and product delivery procedures begin at the component level and work toward the system and stakeholder tests. Primary verification and validation plan for the above system in proposed as follows: Figure 20. Detailed Model of Product Testing and Delivery. Testing and product delivery procedures include: * Verification of the products against â€Å"specified requirements† and; * Validation of the assembled (sub)system against assigned requirements. Below are some examples to demonstrate how we can test our requirments at different levels: Requirement 1. 1. Restaurant will be open for 16 hours and will operate in four shifts as Morning (730 AM -1130 AM), Afternoon (1130 AM -330 PM), Evening (330 PM – 730 PM) and Night (730 PM -1130 PM). Examination. 1. 1. 1 Inspect the restaurant operation where this proposed system will be installed (As per the requirement supplied by the customer). * System will fail if the operating time is changed once the system in installed (might reflect in high operating cost or low efficiency and utilization of system resources making the operation non profitable). Requirement 1. 2. System should be able to serve a throughput of 50, 125, 50, 75 customers per hour during these four shifts respectively. Simulation. 1. 2. 1. Run a system wide simulation (as done in arena for example) * System fails if the maximum number in line (bottleneck) exceeds 10 or if there are lost customers. Examination. 1. 2. 1 After the prototype is installed in one of the restaurant observe the total throughput and the maximum number in queue. Requirement 1. 3. Cooks, cleaners and assemblers will be the type of employees working the restaurant. Examination. 1. 3. 1. See the type of workers working in the restaurant where we plan to install such a system. System fails if a new level of hierarchy is introduced by the management at a later point of time, which causes the operating cost per day to be changed. Requirement 1. 4. Cook will be paid at the rate of $5 per hour for the duration of their work. Examination. 1. 4. 1. Find out the rate of the pay of the cook for the restaurant where we plan to install the system. Simulation. 1. 4. 1. See if the direct labor cost corresponding to cook resource and divide it by number of hours worked. This number should be $5/hr. * System fails otherwise. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ details of verification plan removed †¦. Requirement 3. 4. 2 Once connected to the bank system will supply the card information to the bank database, will query the card validity and will supply the amount to be charged to the card. Demo. 3. 4. 2. After the modem connects to the bank touch screen display changes to (transmitting, authorizing, approved) in succession when user is paying with a credit card with remaining credit on it. * System fails if above sequence does not take place even though user has swiped a card with a remaining credit on it Simulation. 3. 4. 2. 1. When executing the scenario of paying by the credit card, software subsystem supplies the card information, total bill amount to be charged to the credit card, query its validity and debit the amount. * System fails if such functionality does not exist while paying with a credit card. Requirement 3. 5. 1 System will be secured to grant access rights only to the system administrator. For this a login ID and a password will be assigned which could be changed. Password won? e visible to onlookers while typing for increased security. Demo. 3. 5. 1. 1: En How to cite Fast Food Automated Ordering System, Essay examples